Diversity and metabolic potential of the microbiota associated with a soil arthropod

Abstract Springtails are important members of the soil fauna and play a key role in plant litter decomposition, for example through stimulation of the microbial activity. However, their interaction with soil microorganisms remains poorly understood and it is unclear which microorganisms are associated to the springtail (endo) microbiota. Therefore, we assessed the structure of the microbiota of the springtail Orchesella cincta (L.) using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Individuals were sampled across sites in the field and the microbiota and in particular the endomicrobiota were investigated. The microbiota was dominated by the families of Rickettsiaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Comamonadaceae and at the genus level the most abundant genera included Rickettsia, Chryseobacterium, Pseudomonas, and Stenotrophomonas. Microbial communities were distinct for the interior of the springtails for measures of community diversity and exhibited structure according to collection sites. Functional analysis of the springtail bacterial community suggests that abundant members of the microbiota may be associated with metabolism including decomposition processes. Together these results add to the understanding of the microbiota of springtails and interaction with soil microorganisms including their putative functional roles

Distributed Implementation of a CCS-like Programming Language for Embedded Systems

We introduce a programming language for embedded systems. The language is based on the process algebra pmc which like ccs has concurrent composition of processes and synchronous point-to-point communication. Determinism and distributability are desirable, but contradictory properties. The programming language therefore contains operators that allow for both local deterministic concurrency and global non-deterministic concurrency. We give a model for a class of distributed platforms, and give a translation of pmc programs into this model. Although the pmc language allows for a limited (but useful) form of mixed input and output guarded choice, the implementation uses an efficient protocol for implementing synchronous communication by asynchronous message passing. The implementation is shown to have the property of being locally deterministic and being able to detect real-time constraint violations. The translation does not introduce neither live- nor deadlocks. 1 Introduction and Motiv..

A Universal Reactive Machine

Turing showed the existence of a model universal for the set of Turing machines in the sense that given an encoding of any Turing machine as input the universal Turing machine simulates it. We introduce the concept of universality for reactive systems and construct a ccs process universal in the sense that, given an encoding of any ccs process, it behaves like this process up to weak bisimulation. This construction has a rather non-constructive use of silent actions and we argue that this would be the case for any universal ccs process. 1 Introduction Turing proposed in 1937 a model of sequential computation, now known as Turing machines [Tur37]. He showed, by construction, that among Turing machines, there exists one which is universal in the sense that it can realize any Turing machine (including itself) when given an encoding of it. Turing used the universal Turing machine to give a negative answer to Hilbert's Entscheidungsproblem for mathematics. Apart from showing the limits of ..

Development of Safety-Critical Real-Time Systems

. This paper presents an approach to the development of safetycritical real-time systems linking from the Requirements Language developed in the ESPRIT Project ProCoS to the Temporal Language of Transitions (TLT) specification language developed at Siemens Corporate Research. A system is defined by a conventional mathematical model for a dynamic system where application specific states denote functions of time. Requirements are constraints on the system states, and they are given by formulas in duration calculus (DC), a real-time interval logic. A functional design is a distributed system consisting of sensors, actuators, and a program which communicate through shared states. The sensors and actuators are specified in DC while the program is specified in TLT. The design as a whole is linked together semantically by using a DC semantics for TLT. Verification is a deduction showing that a design implies requirements. The TLT specification is the basis for developing the control program. ..

PMC: A Programming Language for Embedded Systems

The process algebra pmc (Processes with Multiple Clocks) extends Milner's ccs with a notion of qualitative time called clocks. The algebra has been used for specifying industrial size case-studies. Based on the algebra pmc, we introduce a programming language (also named PMC) for embedded systems. The language features point-to-point communication, multi-synchronization, local deterministic parallel composition, global non-deterministic parallel composition, and a restricted form of mixed input/output guarded choice. The expression language includes constructors, tuples, and patterns as known from SML. The language is strongly typed. The PMC language provides the user with a clean, yet flexible, separation between the abstract programming of an embedded system, and the low-level, hardware specific details of for instance device drivers. We have a prototype compiler that compiles PMC to Java byte code. Concurrency does not necessarily give rise to considerable computation overhead. In im..

Duration Calculus Semantics for SDL

syntax : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 25 4.2.1 Process : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 25 4.2.2 Block : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 26 4.2.3 System : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 26 4.3 Static semantics : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 27 4.3.1 Properties of a well formed system : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 28 4.4 The semantic domain : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 28 4.4.1 Store : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 28 4.4.2 Traces : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 29 4.4.3 Timers : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 30 4.4.4 Universal Properties : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : 30 5 Continuation Semantics 33 5.1 The Status of a Process : : : : : : : : : : : ..